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As such, ASD research requires a multidisciplinary perspective, including clinical psychology, developmental pediatrics, translational psychiatry, basic developmental neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and genetics. Present from very early in development, ASD presents as a complex array of psychological and biomedical symptoms. The financial toll of ASD is extraordinary, with the lifetime economic costs of ASD estimated to be up to $2.4 million per affected individual and the national costs for the United States estimated to be $66 billion per year for children with ASD and $175 billion for adults with ASD ( Buescher, Cidav, Knapp, & Mandell, 2014 Knapp & Buescher, 2014).ĪSD is currently defined on the basis of core deficits in social communication and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and sensory symptoms, but deficits are far-reaching and pervasive, including impairments in emotional functioning, irritability, aggression, self-injury, anxiety, and impulsivity ( Lecavalier, 2006). This remarkable increase has paralleled rapidly rising ASD prevalence estimates, which have escalated from approximately 30/10,000 to 60/10,000 a decade ago ( Fombonne, 2003) to the most current Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates of 1 in 68 children in the United States ( Frieden, Jaffe, Cono, Richards, & Iademarco, 2014). In 2013, this number had increased to over 3400 articles published in a 12-month period. In 2003, approximately 800 peer-reviewed journal articles were published on the topic of ASD. The pace of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research has increased dramatically in recent years. Increased research emphasis in these areas has the potential to hasten the translation of knowledge on the etiological mechanisms of ASD to psychosocial and biological interventions to reduce the burden of ASD on affected individuals and their families. We highlight emerging research in the following domains as particularly promising and pressing: (1) preclinical models (2) experimental therapeutics (3) early identification and intervention (4) psychiatric comorbidities and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative (5) ecological momentary assessment (6) neurotechnologies and (7) the needs of adults with ASD.
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In this article we highlight promising areas for ongoing and new research expected to quicken the pace of scientific discovery and ultimately the translation of research findings into accessible and empirically supported interventions for those with ASD. However, recent increases in ASD prevalence estimates highlight the urgent need for continued efforts to translate novel ASD discoveries into effective interventions for all individuals with ASD. The past few years have witnessed unprecedented transformations in the understanding of ASD neurobiology, genetics, early identification, and early intervention. This article suggests future directions for research aimed at improved understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions for ASD across the lifespan.